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Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)

… salt increases the blood pressure. Hyperaldosteronism is a disease in which the adrenal gland(s) make too much … disease) or both (bilateral disease). Unilateral disease is usually caused by an aldosterone producing adenoma (benign … by adrenal cancer or hyperplasia (when the whole gland is hyperactive). Bilateral disease is usually caused by …

Last Modified: 09/24/2025 - 13:47

When to Consider Aortic Surgery

… being seen in a Center of Excellence early in the process is that it begins a relationship with your medical/surgical … process by which the need for non-emergency surgery is determined. The decision to monitor a patient instead of performing an operation is made on an individual basis, but is guided by factors …

Last Modified: 02/03/2026 - 11:04

When the Adrenal Gland Causes Hypertension

… podcast Conversations and Curbsides . The following is a transcription of the discussion, and is loosely edited for context and clarity. Jump to a Section: … & High Blood Pressure Too Much Aldosterone How Commonly Is the Adrenal Gland the Main Cause Of Hypertension? Signs …

Last Modified: 03/26/2026 - 14:28

Carotid Artery Disease

… a stroke or a "mini" stroke (TIA). Carotid artery disease is the cause of more than half of all strokes. Stroke, in turn, is the third highest cause of death and the leading cause of … Why carotid stenosis occurs in some people but not others is unknown. However, certain risk factors, such as family …

Last Modified: 12/16/2025 - 14:28

Colonoscopy

… of Columbia’s Colorectal Surgery Team , March 2024 What is a colonoscopy? Colonoscopy is a safe, effective method of examining the full lining of the colon and rectum. While the patient is under mild sedation or monitored anesthesia if deeper …

Last Modified: 03/04/2026 - 17:33

Golden Rules of Aortic Surgery

… has an aneurysm of the aortic root, a primary question is whether the valve can be repaired, and if so, we then ask, … " Should the valve be repaired?" This crucial decision is determined by golden rule number one. This rule holds that … be performed instead of replacement. A second golden rule is that no leaking of the valve (aortic insufficiency) is …

Last Modified: 03/17/2025 - 12:14

Thyroid Cancer Treatment

… | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prognosis/Outcomes What Is The Treatment For Thyroid Cancer? There are three main … Radioactive Iodine Treatment Other Treatment Options How Is Thyroid Cancer Treated With Surgery? Thyroid cancer surgery is the preferred treatment option for all forms of thyroid …

Last Modified: 09/26/2025 - 11:38

Radioactive Iodine

… uses iodine from the diet to make thyroid hormone and is one of the few organs that will take up iodine. Radioactive iodine (RAI) is a radioactive form of iodine that can be used to either … make saliva) take up small amounts of iodine. The RAI that is not taken up by thyroid cells is eliminated from the body, …

Last Modified: 09/26/2025 - 13:58

Pancreatic Cysts

… and distinguishing among the different types of neoplasm is often straightforward, but at times can be challenging. … Serous Cystadenoma Although this type of cystic neoplasm is usually asymptomatic, it can cause pain. They can grow to … or as having a 'honeycomb' appearance. Often it is difficult to remove the fluid from these cysts, because …

Last Modified: 05/13/2025 - 12:19

Guide to Thyroid Function Tests

… tests of thyroid function (i.e. how much thyroid hormone is being made), thyroid mass (i.e. how much thyroid tissue there is), and antibodies to thyroid tissue. Tests of thyroid … to make and release more thyroid hormone. When there is enough or too much thyroid hormone in the body, the TSH …

Last Modified: 09/26/2025 - 13:54

State of the Union: Aortic Care in 2022

… us through the complex anatomy of the aorta? The aorta is a blood pipe, an artery, that’s the largest vessel in the … valve situated between the aorta and the heart. Next is your aortic root, the bottom part the aorta connected to the heart. This is where the aortic valve meets the branch of the coronary …

Last Modified: 02/23/2023 - 18:02

Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy or Lumpectomy

… the case of bilateral mastectomies. Breast reconstruction is usually performed at the time of the mastectomy or … your own tissue. Your surgeon will discuss which option is best suited for you during the consultation stage. The … The breast skin envelope or abdominal donor site after flap reconstruction can also be revised at a later …

Last Modified: 09/17/2025 - 12:48

Lung Transplant Surgery

… fibrosis), then both lungs must be transplanted. This is because the anti-rejection medications … problems following a double lung transplant because it is a longer and more complex surgery. Therefore, they do … In the case of a single lung transplant, the lung that is most damaged is the one that is transplanted. This is …

Last Modified: 03/06/2026 - 00:05

Melanoma

… Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in the cells that produce melanin, which gives skin its color. It is one of the most common cancers. If it’s caught early, it … growth, leading to abnormal or uncontrolled growth. This is most often caused by damage from ultraviolet (UV) …

Last Modified: 09/16/2025 - 12:47

State of the Union: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 2020

… are different from reconstructive surgery? Plastic surgery is sort of the umbrella term. It comes from the Greek term … like they're plastic! What's very challenging for patients is, of course, the marketing is way ahead of the science. People use expensive words so …

Last Modified: 02/23/2023 - 18:01